However, the concept of alter egos and double spirits has appeared in the folklore, myths, religious concepts, and traditions of many cultures throughout human history. Francis Grose's, Provincial Glossary of 1787 used the term fetch instead, defined as the "apparition of a person living." Catherine Crowe's book on paranormal phenomena, The Night-Side of Nature (1848) helped make the German word well-known. Mythology Įnglish-speakers have only recently applied this German word to a paranormal concept. In English, the word is generally written with a lower-case letter, and the umlaut on the letter "a" is usually dropped: "doppelganger". In German, the word is written (as is usual with German nouns) with an initial capital letter: Doppelgänger. The first known use, in the slightly different form Doppeltgänger, occurs in the novel Siebenkäs (1796) by Jean Paul, in which he explains his newly coined word in a footnote the word Doppelgänger also appears in the novel, but with a different meaning. In German, there is also a female form, " Doppelgängerin" (plural: " Doppelgängerinnen"). The singular and plural forms are the same in German, but English writers usually prefer the plural "doppelgangers". The word doppelganger is a loanword from the German noun Doppelgänger, literally meaning double-walker. In modern times, the term twin stranger is occasionally used. Other traditions and stories equate a doppelgänger with an evil twin. In fiction and mythology, a doppelgänger is often portrayed as a ghostly or paranormal phenomenon and usually seen as a harbinger of bad luck. Without outside references, a false memory is as real as a true memory to us.Dante Gabriel Rossetti, How They Met Themselves, watercolor, 1864Ī doppelgänger ( / ˈ d ɒ p əl ɡ ɛ ŋ ər, - ɡ æ ŋ ər/), sometimes spelled as doppelgaenger or doppelganger is a biologically unrelated look-alike, or a double, of a living person. “Interestingly, sometimes people are more confident about false memories than true ones. Also, the false memories activated the same region as true memories,” Dr Liu said. “We found that a false memory interacts with a true memory just like a regular memory. They also found that the neural connections made during the formation of a genuine memory were practically identical to those made during the formation of a false memory - suggesting a physical basis for false-memory syndrome. Using this approach, the scientists were able to implant the false memory of being in a box where the mice were given electric shocks even when this did not actually happen. Pulses of light could be used to bring back genuine memories, as well as a false memory created by associating a true memory with the memory of a small but unpleasant electric shock. This allowed the researchers to study nerve connections in the “memory cells” of a part of the mouse brain called the hippocampus. The study, published in the journal Science, used specially bred mice with a photosensitive pigment in their brains that stimulates the recovery of a genuine memory when the animals are exposed to a certain kind of light stimulus. He added: “The technology we developed for this study allows us to dissect and even potentially to tinker with the memory process by directly controlling the brain cells.”
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